Preface - 10 Contents - 12 General Introd uction - 24 About this book - 24 Reality, consciousness, and language - 39 The theory of symbols - 50 Method - 64 Part 1 - 74 Ch.1: The symbol of conscience - 76 Ch. 2: Between symbol and doctrine: the conceptualization of conscience untill the early Middle Ages - 124 Ch.3: Between symbol and doctrine: differentiation and doctrinalization - the religious conscience before and after the Reformation - 172 Ch. 4: Between symbol and doctrine: the first wave of criticism - the seventeenth century - 204 Ch. 5:Between symbol and doctrine: Conscience grounded in Nature and Reason - 230 Ch. 6: Between symbol and doctrine: the second wave of criticism - the nineteenth century - 286 Ch. 7: Twentieth-century concepts of conscience - 316 Ch. 8: A fluid concept of conscience - 346 Part 2- 382 Transition to part 2 - 384 Ch. 9: Conscience and freedom of conscience - 390 Ch. 10: The problem of order - 400 Ch. 11: Between idealism and pragmatism - 438 Ch. 12: Solutions to the problem of order - 460 Part 3 - 482 Transition to part 3: Conscientious objection - 484 Ch. 13: Identifying conscientious objections - 490 Ch. 14: Conscie Ch. 15: Two case studies - 550 Ch. 16: Philosophical foundations of conscientious objection - 590 Concluding remarks - 599 References - 604 Samenvatting (Dutch summary) - 632