Table of Contents - 6 Acknowledgements - 10 Introduction - 12 PART I: THE CIVIL-MILITARY INTERFACE IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY MILITARY OPERATIONS - 24 1. Substituting the Civil Power: Civil Affairs and Military Government in World War II - 26 The Operational Primacy of Civil Affairs - 26 Integrating or Segregating Civil Affairs - 29 Military Government Moves Center Stage - 33 Effects of Military Pragmatism - 41 Conclusion - 45 2. Supporting the Civil Power: Counterinsurgency and the Return to Conventional Warfare - 46 Imperial Policing - 46 Malaya: Integrating the Civil and Military Spheres - 52 Vietnam: Lessons Unlearned - 61 The Return to ‘Ordinary Soldiering’ - 67 Towards Civil-Military Peace Operations - 70 PART II: COMPLEX PEACEKEEPING: THE UNITED NATIONS IN CAMBODIA - 74 3. Making Sense of the Mission: UNTAC's Military and Civil Mandates - 76 Peacekeepers in the Post-Cold War Disorder - 76 The Paris Peace Agreement - 81 The Unworkable Military Mandate - 84 Segregated Missions - 94 Winning the Hearts and Minds - 97 4. The Slippery Slope towards Public Security: Soldiers and Policemen in Cambodia - 104 Police Monitors - 104 Banditry in Banteay Meanchey - 107 Stretching the Mandate - 113 Changing the Guard - 117 5. ‘Sanderson’s Coup’: Militarized Elections amidst Escalating Violence - 126 Flexible Response - 126 ‘Military Coup’ - 129 Protecting the Elections - 136 Peace at the Ballot - 147 Successes, Failures and Lessons - 153 Peace Operations after UNTAC - 157 PART III: AMERICAN INTERVENTIONS: SEGREGATING THE CIVIL AND MILITARY SPHERES - 160 6. ‘Peacekeeping’ in a Power Vacuum: The Reluctant American Occupation of Somalia - 162 Hobbesian Anarchy - 162 Limits of US Military Intervention - 169 Cosmetic Success - 175 Attitude Adjustment - 181 The Public Security Vacuum - 187 Benevolent ‘Mission Creep’ - 192 7. Securing and Governing Baidoa: Australia’s Living Laboratory in Somalia - 200 The Legacy of the Marines - 200 Urban Security Operations - 207 Two Schools of Thought - 214 Counterinsurgency Reflex - 223 The Military Governor of Baidoa - 228 Conclusion - 239 8. One Step Forward, Two Steps Back: Widening the Civil-Military Gap in Bosnia - 246 The Dayton Accord - 246 The Public Security Gap - 254 Reinterpreting the Military Mandate - 264 CIMIC: The Fig Leaf for the Gap - 276 Conclusion - 285 PART IV: KOSOVO: MILITARY GOVERNMENT BY DEFAULT - 288 9. The Kosovo Force: Entering the Wasteland - 290 Stepping into the Void - 290 The Mandate - 296 Task Force Orahovac - 298 Taming the Kosovo Liberation Army - 303 10. The Kosovar Constabulary: The Race between Order and Disorder - 312 ‘Anarchy, or Something Not Far from It’ - 312 Policing without Instructions - 316 Controlling the Streets of Orahovac - 322 Different Approaches - 332 Makeshift Police - 325 The Justice Triangle - 337 11. Peacekeepers in Pursuit of Justice: Protecting and Prosecuting Serbs in Orahovac - 344 Russians - 344 Beleaguered Serbs - 347 War Crimes - 353 Arrests - 357 Controversy - 361 12. The UÇK’s Silent Coup: KFOR in the Civil Administrative Vacuum - 370 Local Administration - 370 Struggle for Control - 375 Public Services - 385 13. The Tools at Hand: Civil-Military Cooperation in Kosovo - 392 Ad Hoc Civil-Military Cooperation - 392 The Complex Civil-Military Playing Field - 400 Unity of Effort - 410 Conclusion - 416 Primary Sources and Bibliography - 432 Glossary and Military Terminology - 450 Notes - 454