Table of Contents - 6 Text Boxes - 8 Tables - 9 Introduction - 10 1 Citizenship and migration – concepts and controversies - 16 Introduction - 16 Citizenship status - 17 Citizenship rights and duties - 24 Citizenship virtues and practices - 32 2 The legal status of immigrants and their access to nationality - 34 The legal status of foreign nationals - 34 Citizenship regulations in comparative perspective: Is there convergence - 41 Access to, acquisition of and loss of nationality in liberal states – is there convergence or divergence? - 45 Explaining citizenship policies in liberal states - 52 Dual citizenship - 59 Migrant choices, the impact of policies on naturalisation behaviour and the consequences of naturalisation - 61 Perspectives for research - 66 3 EU citizenship and the status of third country nationals - 68 The roots of Union citizenship - 68 Union citizenship or European denizenship? - 71 European citizenship and policies vis-à-vis third country nationals - 73 European citizenship and antidiscrimination - 80 The concept of civic citizenship - 81 4 Political participation, mobilisation and representation of immigrants and their offspring in Europe - 84 Introduction - 84 Definitions and concepts - 85 The thesis of political quiescence of immigrants - 86 Explaining the various forms of immigrant political participation - 88 A typology of the various forms of immigrant political participation in the country of settlement - 91 Transnational political participation - 99 Research perspectives - 102 How to evaluate political participation of immigrants and their offspring in the country of residence? - 103 Annex - 107 Notes - 114 References - 120