contents - 6 about the authors - 10 preface - 14 1 towards development policies based onlesson learning: an introduction - 16 1.1 paradigm shifts - 17 1.2 globalization - 20 1.3 at the beginning of the 21st century: elements fordevelopment policies based on lesson learning - 23 2 twenty-first century globalization,paradigm shifts in development - 28 2.1 twenty-first century globalization - 28 2.2 turning points - 30 2.3 new development era - 31 2.4 international development cooperation - 41 3 does foreign aid work? - 48 3.1 introduction - 48 3.2 what aid are we talking about? - 49 3.3 challenges in trying to assess the impact of aid - 52 3.4 does aid work? the evidence - 55 3.5 constraining aid’s greater impact and how theseconstraints might be addressed - 66 3.6 concluding comments: aid and the wider perspective - 71 4 under-explored treasure troves ofdevelopment lessons: lessons from thehistories of small rich european countries - 82 4.1 introduction: lessons from history, or rather the‘secret history’ - 82 4.2 agriculture - 87 4.3 industrial development - 90 4.4 corporate governance and the concentration ofeconomic power - 96 4.5 social and political factors - 98 4.6 concluding remarks - 100 5 stagnation in africa: disentanglingfigures, facts and fiction - 108 5.1 stagnation in sub-saharan africa - 109 5.2 the low social development cause - 112 5.3 the not-a-nation-state cause - 114 5.4 the dependence on raw material exports cause - 116 5.5 the greedy politicians cause - 117 5.6 the weak states and weak policies cause - 119 5.7 the washington consensus cause - 120 5.8 other traps and curses - 124 5.9 conclusions and consequences - 126 6 including the middle classes?latin american social policies after thewashington consensus - 138 6.1 the isi period and the origins of social policy regimes - 139 6.2 the debt crisis and the washington consensus - 140 6.3 neoliberalism and its failures - 141 6.4 turn to the left and basic universalism? - 145 6.5 the role of the middle classes - 149 6.6 lessons for development policy and external support - 151 7 imaginary institutions: state-building inafghanistan - 158 7.1 the afghan state and the dynamics that affect it - 159 7.2 the nature of the state-building effort inafghanistan - 164 7.3 how the ‘international community’ responds - 166 7.4 some concluding remarks - 171 8 beyond development orthodoxy:chinese lessons in pragmatism andinstitutional change - 178 8.1 buried under development? - 178 8.2 on land and institutions - 181 8.3 chinese pragmatism: colored cats or the demise ofideology? - 184 8.4 implications of chinese development: someconcluding observations - 194 9 business and sustainable development:from passive involvement to activepartnerships - 212 9.1 introduction: from uniform to pluriformdevelopment thinking - 212 9.2 from a traditional to a new development paradigm - 214 9.3 from macro to micro: the role of multinationals insustainable development - 217 9.4 from general to specific: strategic management ofcorporations and poverty alleviation - 220 9.5 from passive to active: the search for partnerships - 227 9.6 conclusion: the challenges ahead - 229 10 why ‘philanthrocapitalism’ is notthe answer: private initiatives andinternational development - 238 10.1 private initiatives – what kind and how much? - 240 10.2 ngo initiatives - 242 10.3 institutional philanthropy - 245 10.4 common problems: impact and accountability - 249 10.5 conclusions and implications for development policy - 250 11 the trouble with participation:assessing the new aid paradigm - 256 11.1 participation: on the main menu or just a side dish? - 256 11.2 what the new aid approach sets out to do: somebackground on the failure of ai