Infrastructural development is most often understood as shorthand for the arrival of ‘modernity’, both holding the promise of prosperity, and carrying with it the threat of disruption. The present volume examines historical attitudes to the infrastructural revolution that transformed Central and Southeastern Europe in the long nineteenth century, homing in on the scandals and controversies that shaped national and transnational debates alike. Historicizing vocabularies of contestation brings to light a conceptual nexus: the entanglement between infrastructure, xenophobia, corruption, and colonization. Fears that ‘corrupting’ foreign Others would gain ‘colonial’ ascendancy through the conduits of infrastructure, capital, and expertise were a recurring feature of public debates. Yet other permutations of these terms were also possible, making this nexus an all the more relevant lens for reassessing this formative moment for empire- and nation-building in the region. Theoretically innovative and empirically rich, the volume aims to reshape our understanding of how infrastructure acted as a flashpoint for political and cultural reflection.