List of Contributors Acknowledgments Introduction Mark S. Frankel and Jane Cave Part I. Evaluating Science and Scientists: The Political and Economic 1. The Political Context of Science Priority-Setting in the United States Albert H. Teich 2. The Political and Economic Context of Research Evaluation in Eastern Europe György Darvas 3. Factors Affecting the Acceptance of Evaluation Results Ben R. Martin Part II. Peer Review: Self-Regulation and Accountability in Science 4. Peer Review in Science and Science Policy Edward J. Hackett 5. A Polish Perspective on Peer Review Adam lomnicki 6. The Limits of Peer Review: The Case of Hungary Katalin Hangos 7. The Evaluation of Research Institutes in Hungary Péter Zilahy and István Láng 8. Peer Review in the Czech Republic Miroslava Vrbova 9. Peer Review in Poland: Practical Solutions and Possible Improvements lulita lablecka Part III. Quantitative Techniques for Evaluating Performance 10. Quantitative Techniques in Evaluation in Western Europe Terttu Luukkonen 11. The Evaluation of Scientists and Their Work Andrzej Ziabicki 12. Scientometric Methods in the Evaluation of Research Groups in Hungary Peter Vinkler 13. Measuring and Evaluating Scientific Performance in the Czech Republic laroslav Koutecky 14. Institutionalizing Evaluation of Research and Education in the Slovak Republic lozefTino 15. FormaI Evaluation Methods: Their Utility and Limitations C. le Pair 16. Evaluation of Research and Development Programs by Technology Indicators Hariolf Grupp 17. Quantitative Citation Data as Indicators in Science Evaluations: A Primer on Their Appropriate Use Alfred Welljams-Dorof 18. Ethical and Political Aspects of Using and Interpreting Quantitative Indicators Gunnar Sivertsen Index