Cycling Pathways

List of Abbreviations
List of Figures and Tables

Introduction
Introducing Cycling Governance
Taking Stock of Cycling History
Locating Cycling Governance: Sources and Methods

Part I - Roots : How Commuter and Recreational Cycling Became a Dutch Public Good, 1880s-1940s

1 Citizen Power: from Bourgeois Clubs to Governance Groundbreakers
1.1 Dutch Cycling Clubs’ Unique Position in an International Context
1.2 Citizens Building Recreational Cycling Paths
1.3 Advocating Cycling as Part of Car-Centric Planning
1.4 Conclusion

2 A Contested Compromise: National Government Supports Commuter Cycling
2.1 Justifying Road Funding and the Bicycle Tax
2.2 A Polder Model for Cycling Governance
2.3 Is Cycling Infrastructure a Public Good?
2.4 Making Cycling Infrastructure the Default Norm
2.5 Governing Cycling Publicly or Privately?
2.6 Conclusion
Conclusion Part I

Part II - Divergence : How Dutch Cycling Policy and Practice Persevered, 1950s-1970s

3 A Right to Recreation: Provincial Policymakers Design Cycling Networks
3.1 Pioneering Recreational Cycling Governance in the 1940s
3.2 Pioneering Provincial Cycling Governance in Drenthe and Zuid-Holland
3.3 1960s National Subsidies for Recreational Cycling
3.4 Conclusion

4 Popular or Outdated? National Policymakers’ Ambivalence about Bicycles
4.1 Dutch Cycling’s Staying Power from an International Perspective
4.2 Ambiguities and Continuities
4.3 ANWB Expands its Role as an Expert Organization
4.4 Conclusion

5 An Accident of History: How Mopeds Boosted Dutch Cycling Infrastructure
5.1 Mopeds Widen Citizens’ Action Radius
5.2 Sharing the Cycling Path
5.3 Framing Mopeds and Cycling Paths
5.4 How Mopeds Boosted Cycling Path Construction
5.5 Conclusion
Conclusion Part II

Part III - Dutch Model : How Urban Cycling Became a National Political Demand after 1970

6 Citizen Expertise: Urban Activism Shapes Local Cycling Policy in the 1970s
6.1 Early Cycling Activism: Goals and Methods, 1965-1975
6.2 User Expertise and Cycling Infrastructure: Cyclists’ Union Activism, 1975-1985
6.3 Working with the Government: Activists and Cycling Governance
6.4 Conclusion

7 Catching Up: The State Acknowledges Urban Cycling as Public Good, 1975-1990
7.1 Expanding National Cycling Governance, 1975-1985
7.2 Frictions and Distrust: Struggles with Multi-Level Cycling Governance
7.3 Governing the Redistribution of Urban Road Space
7.4 Decentralizing Cycling Governance (Once Again), 1985-1990
7.5 Conclusion

8 Self-Evident: Mainstreaming Cycling Policy and Practice since 1990
8.1 National Government Settles on Expert Role
8.2 Provinces and Municipalities Double Down
8.3 Cyclists’ Union Professionalizes Further
8.4 Conclusion
Conclusion Part III

Conclusion
Explaining Dutch Cycling Success
Making the Case for Cycling Infrastructure
Turning Beliefs into Infrastructure
Contributions, Limitations, and Further Research

Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3

Bibliography